2.Korean Diabetes Association. 21 Clinical practice guide-lines for diabetes Available from:
http://kdaguideline.com (updated 2021 Dec 1)..
4.Wang C, Lv L, Yang Y, Chen D, Liu G, Chen L, et al. Glucose fluctuations in subjects with normal glucose toler-ance, impaired glucose regulation and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012;76:810-5.
7.Egi M, Bellomo R, Stachowski E, French CJ, Hart G. Variability of blood glucose concentration and short-term mortality in critically ill patients. Anesthesiology 2006;105:244-52.
9.Service FJ, Molnar GD, Rosevear JW, Ackerman E, Gate-wood LC, Taylor WF. Mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, a measure of diabetic instability. Diabetes 1970;19:644-55.
10.Kovatchev BP. Metrics for glycaemic control- from HbA
1c to continuous glucose monitoring. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017;13:425-36.
11.McDonnell CM, Donath SM, Vidmar SI, Werther GA, Cameron FJ. A novel approach to continuous glucose analysis utilizing glycemic variation. Diabetes Technol Ther 2005;7:253-63.
12.Shima K, Tanaka R, Morishita S, Tarui S, Kumahara Y. Studies on the etiology of “brittle diabetes”. Relationship between diabetic instability and insulinogenic reserve. Diabetes 1977;26:717-25.
13.Molnar GD, Taylor WF, Ho MM. Day-to-day variation of continuously monitored glycaemia: a further measure of diabetic instability. Diabetologia 1972;8:342-8.
14.Bergenstal RM. Glycemic variability and diabetes complications: does it matter? Simply put, there are better glycemic markers! Diabetes Care 2015;38:1615-21.
15.Hirsch IB. Glycemic variability and diabetes complications: does it matter? Of course it does! Diabetes Care 2015;38:1610-4.
16.Monnier L, Mas E, Ginet C, Michel F, Villon L, Cristol JP, et al. Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA 2006;295:1681-7.
17.Ceriello A, Esposito K, Piconi L, Ihnat MA, Thorpe JE, Testa R, et al. Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes 2008;57:1349-54.
19.Li W, Liu X, Yanoff M, Cohen S, Ye X. Cultured retinal capillary pericytes die by apoptosis after an abrupt fluctuation from high to low glucose levels: a comparative study with retinal capillary endothelial cells. Diabetologia 1996;39:537-47.
20.Perrott RL, North RV, Drasdo N, Ahmed KA, Owens DR. The influence of plasma glucose upon pulsatile ocular blood flow in subjects with type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2001;44:700-5.
21.Lu J, Ma X, Zhang L, Mo Y, Ying L, Lu W, et al. Glycemic variability assessed by continuous glucose monitoring and the risk of diabetic retinopathy in latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2019;10:753-9.
22.Sartore G, Chilelli NC, Burlina S, Lapolla A. Association between glucose variability as assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and diabetic retinopathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2013;50:437-42.
23.Hietala K, Wadén J, Forsblom C, Harjutsalo V, Kytö J, Summanen P, et al. HbA
1c variability is associated with an increased risk of retinopathy requiring laser treatment in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2013;56:737-45.
24.Park JY, Hwang JH, Kang MJ, Sim HE, Kim JS, Ko KS. Effects of glycemic variability on the progression of diabetic retinopathy among patients with type 2 diabetes. Retina 2021;41:1487-95.
25.Takao T, Ide T, Yanagisawa H, Kikuchi M, Kawazu S, Mat-suyama Y. The effects of fasting plasma glucose variability and time-dependent glycemic control on the long-term risk of retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;91:e40-2.
26.Jin HY, Lee KA, Park TS. The impact of glycemic variability on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Endocrine 2016;53:643-8.
27.Bragd J, Adamson U, Bäcklund LB, Lins PE, Moberg E, Oskarsson P. Can glycaemic variability, as calculated from blood glucose self-monitoring, predict the development of complications in type 1 diabetes over a decade? Diabetes Metab 2008;34(6 Pt 1):612-6.
29.Cahn A, Zuker I, Eilenberg R, Uziel M, Tsadok MA, Raz I, et al. Machine learning based study of longitudinal HbA
1c trends and their association with all-cause mortality: Analyses from a National Diabetes Registry. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2022;38:e3485.
31.Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. A
1C variability and the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes: data from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2008;31:2198-202.
32.Sugawara A, Kawai K, Motohashi S, Saito K, Kodama S, Yachi Y, et al. HbA
1c variability and the development of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: Tsukuba Kawai Diabetes Registry 2. Diabetologia 2012 55:2128-31. Erratum in: Diabetologia 2013;56:2548..
34.Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. The effect of glucose variability on the risk of microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1486-90.
35.Lachin JM, Genuth S, Nathan DM, Zinman B, Rutledge BN; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Effect of glycemic exposure on the risk of microvascular complications in the diabetes control and complications trial-revisited. Diabetes 2008;57:995-1001.
37.Li CI, Cheng HM, Liu CS, Lin CH, Lin WY, Wang MC, et al. Association between glucose variation and lower extremity amputation incidence in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Diabetologia 2020;63:194-205.
38.Muggeo M, Verlato G, Bonora E, Zoppini G, Corbellini M, de Marco R. Long-term instability of fasting plasma glucose, a novel predictor of cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: the Verona Diabetes Study. Circulation 1997;96:1750-4.
39.Esposito K, Giugliano D, Nappo F, Marfella R; Campan-ian Postprandial Hyperglycemia Study Group. Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2004;110:214-9.
41.Barbieri M, Rizzo MR, Marfella R, Boccardi V, Esposito A, Pansini A, et al. Decreased carotid atherosclerotic process by control of daily acute glucose fluctuations in diabetic patients treated by DPP-IV inhibitors. Atherosclerosis 2013;227:349-54.
45.Wang X, Zhao X, Dorje T, Yan H, Qian J, Ge J. Glycemic variability predicts cardiovascular complications in acute myocardial infarction patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Cardiol 2014;172:498-500.
46.Kilpatrick ES, Rigby AS, Atkin SL. Mean blood glucose compared with HbA
1c in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51:365-71.
47.Siegelaar SE, Kerr L, Jacober SJ, Devries JH. A decrease in glucose variability does not reduce cardiovascular event rates in type 2 diabetic patients after acute myocardial infarction: a reanalysis of the HEART2D study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:855-7.
48.Krinsley JS. Glycemic variability: a strong independent predictor of mortality in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2008;36:3008-13.
50.Monnier L, Colette C. Glycemic variability: should we and can we prevent it? Diabetes Care 2008;31(Suppl 2):S150-4.
51.Avari P, Moscardo V, Jugnee N, Oliver N, Reddy M. Glycemic variability and hypoglycemic excursions with continuous glucose monitoring compared to intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring in adults with highest risk type 1 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020;14:567-74.
52.Volčanšek Š, Lunder M, Janež A. Acceptability of continuous glucose monitoring in elderly diabetes patients using multiple daily insulin injections. Diabetes Technol Ther 2019;21:566-74.
54.Jang HN, Yang YS, Oh TJ, Koo BK, Lee SO, Park KS, et al. Low fasting glucose-to-estimated average glucose ratio was associated with superior response to insulin degludec/aspart compared with basal insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2022;13:85-93.
58.Rodbard HW, Peters AL, Slee A, Cao A, Traina SB, Alba M. The effect of canagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, on glycemic end points assessed by continuous glucose monitoring and patient-reported outcomes among people with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2017;40:171-80.